The United Nations is the world’s oldest international organization. Its Charter came into effect on October 24, 1945, and established two important goals: preventing the outbreak of future world wars and promoting international cooperation to solve economic, social, cultural, educational, and health problems.
The Charter gives the Security Council the power to act in case of a threat to peace. It also provides for the election of non-permanent members of the Council and outlines the procedure for admitting new States to membership. Any decision made by the Council must be agreed to unanimously; in case of a dispute, the permanent members shall have a veto.
In addition to its international headquarters, the United Nations system consists of offices and agencies that work around the world. These independent organizations, known as specialized agencies, maintain broad international responsibilities in the economic, social, cultural, educational, and related fields.
Each specialized agency is headed by an Executive Secretary, appointed by the General Assembly at the outset of each regular session of the Assembly. The Executive Secretaries are responsible for the day-to-day work of their respective agencies, and they report to the Assembly and the Security Council.
Since its founding, the United Nations has reflected the rise and fall of great powers; addressed the issues raised by globalization, such as environmental protection, and women’s rights; reacted to civil society organizations; and responded to humanitarian crises, including conflict, natural disasters, and refugees. The United Nations has become an integral part of the global community and is an international symbol for peace.